First Draft

 New York City, Amsterdam, Belfast, Copenhagen, Curitiba and Seoul..... we know a lot of cities even where we're not living. How we know the cities? Have you visited all? Usually, most of people have not. Then why are they well-known? Well-known cities are must be said well-promoted cities. Nowadays most cities make an effort to publicize how beautiful or comfortable or historied or amazing cities they are. As the transportation and internet are developed, people all around the world take interest in world-wide news. people want to travel more unfamiliar place and the wish usually target cities, which can achieve the effect of killing two birds with one stone, have impressive historic remains or magnificent environment, or passionate festival with pleasant amenities. In this informal, but general cases people want responsible information in easy, comfortable, and interesting way and city branding (promotion) play a great role. Not only humans, but also cities have to think how to P.R themselves. In this generation when the SNS and smartphone using rate is getting higher, SNS promotion must be good way to express themselves for cities.

  'In 2010, IBM Citizenship created the Smarter Cities Challenge to help 100 cities over a three-year period to address some of the critical challenges facing cities. We do this by contributing the time and expertise of our top experts from different business units and geographies, putting them on the ground for three weeks to work closely with city leaders and deliver recommendations on how to make the city smarter and more effective.'

 Smarter Cities Challenge(SCC), IBM's project to make cities better place start in 2010. This project based on Big Data System. Big Data System is usually used in SNS or webpages, huge amount of information is accepted in real-time. 

 Recently, using sns marketing, Social Networking Marketing, becomes popular. Cities engaged in Smart Cities Challenges have own special object. IBM assist the cities own project by utilizing Big Data System and offering a Big Data Platform. The ultimatum goal is : make the cities smarter. They grasp what people need in terms of environment, transportation system, city design, amenities and so on based on Big Data from independent network. 

 City of Syracuse analyse data so that they figure out where is abandoned and why. Their goals are find ways to vitalize rural area and decrease the number of left house. According analysed Big Data, City of Syracuse knew that smaller housing site tends to be ruin and neglected. Also, lack of vocational training of citizens is also have relevance to causing desolation. 

 These two cases imply that sns has big influence. In aspects of a personal view, it is curious how effective this solution, but city is not small unit and also it become bigger and bigger.  Most networking system in U.S.A use Cloud service. Enormous information which has people's need and opinion gather in Cloud. It is more powerful than any poor opinion poll. If analyzing system and Cloud system work well together, it could lead synergy effect.  

 Almost statics and analysis say using smartphone and sns rate is increasing. In addition, According to 'Why People Use Social Networking Sites' - Petter Bae Brandzaeg and Jan Heim, the most important reason that people use sns is to get in contact with new people. The second most important valued was to keep in touch with their friends, whereas the third was general socializing. It says major people who use sns are ready to accept new information and express their opinion. 

Following statics, enormous number of people express how they live in sns. Especially 

Facebook

 and Twitter show overwhelming statics. This is the key point of sns marketing. On sns like Twitter and Facebook, interesting news are usually discussed by everyone, and the phenomenon is the most powerful marketing strategy. There are almost private enterprises which occupy most position in sns market so far. I argue that now the public matters should stand on the sns market.

 In terms of city branding, simple, real-time and double-way interaction system of sns would become up-and-coming P.R system. Goyang-si(city) have taken their own unique twitter account and utilized 

funny

 and interactive tweets. The account deal with Goyang citizen's matter for inquiries, civil affair matters, and also recommendation. Informal and light communication with the citizens makes people feel comfortable to tell their opinion to the mayor. The big data from people who live in Goyang-si and send a tweet to the account make basement of being better city.

 IBM also apply big data system to Smarter Cities Challenge. IBM assist about 100 cities to achieve own goals by offering their big data infrastructure. SNS and webpages use IBM based service give data about what people need to the city. In other words, IBM and cities collaborated, having a common cause.

Some people says that SNS Cloud service is too dangerous because the system is vulnerable to data spill. Information leakage case  give worries to users. Cloud system, which all of information in users computer could be moved in big data infrastructure also has big risk of information leakage. People who avoid SNS argue dangerousness  of data spill. The data spill is of course nuisance to programmers.  Cloud Service providers must ensure that thorough background checks are conducted for employees who have physical access to the servers in the data center. Additionally, data centers must be frequently monitored for suspicious activity. Therefore, Cloud computing security has been developed, and also recently many countries where share the cloud server have worked out way to avoid personal information leakage. U.S.A government, for example, tries to accelerate introduction of Cloud service technology on public institutions develops FedRAMP, security certification system. It selected 22 agents and confirmed ten network cloud services. In Korea, enacted a law dealing with prevention, develop security technology.  

 People tell the own story wherever and whenever. What they feel, what they need, and what they think. In the past, we were used to be restricted by time and place when we say what we want to talk, recent, however, we talk to everyone thanks to development of SNS network and smartphone. Your SNS pages could introduce all about you. Today, lots of private companies use this trend and apply in marketing. I argue that cities should become 'smart' on this generation. Lots of people are interested in beautiful cities but they tend to have great and small cumbersome problems. Urban people are always pressed for time. To promote, cities should deeply consider what citizens and non-citizens(travelers and rural people) search for them easier. SNS, real-time, weighted communication system would be great solution. Big Data infrastructure form the foundation of SNS. Gathered information from SNS is analysed, and reflected in developing cities. If you worried about personal information leakage, well-developed policy to secure your information put your worries in the shade. 

Research 3 : Big Data Infrastructure 'Cloud System'

• Source:

[Cloud Computing]

: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

[IBM Cloud - What is Cloud?]
http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/us/en/what-is-cloud-computing.html

[Cloud Computing Security]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_security

• My Topic:

          Cities should use SNS for communication with the public 

• What I hope to learn from this source:
  Cloud system is too professional to learn about if I study deeply. I use my a little background knowledge and What I want to learn form the source is what cloud system exactly means. I research information in terms of Big Data. I also refer to the literature.

• Notes:

1. Cloud computing, often referred to as simply “the cloud,” is the delivery of on-demand computing resources—everything from applications to data centers—over the Internet on a pay-for-use basis.
2. There are three Cloud computing service : Software as a service, Platform as a service and Infrastructure as a service.
3. There are a number of security issues/concerns associated with cloud computing but these issues fall into two broad categories: security issues faced by cloud providers and security issues faced by their customers (companies or organizations who host applications or store data on the on the cloud).

Conclusion

• My conclusion 1

 People tell the own story wherever and whenever. What they feel, what they need, and what they think. In the past, we were used to be restricted by time and place when we say what we want to talk, recent, however, we talk to everyone thanks to development of SNS network and smartphone. Your SNS pages could introduce all about you. Today, lots of private companies use this trend and apply in marketing. I argue that cities should become 'smart' on this generation. Lots of people are interested in beautiful cities but they tend to have great and small cumbersome problems. Urban people are always pressed for time. To promote, cities should deeply consider what citizens and non-citizens(travelers and rural people) search for them easier. SNS, real-time, weighted communication system would be great solution. Big Data infrastructure form the foundation of SNS. Gathered information from SNS is analysed, and reflected in developing cities. If you worried about personal information leakage, well-developed policy to secure your information put your worries in the shade. 

Refutation and Concession

1. What is my thesis?
As SNS based on Big Data System become more powerful in cyberspace, Cities utilize sns account to promote themselves.

2. What is the opposite position?
Cloud Service, infrastructure of most Big Data using networking services, has risk of private information leakage, so that cities sns account shouldn't be prevailing. 

3. What arguments can I anticipate?
 a.“The Notorious Nine: Cloud Computing Top Threats in 2013” from CSA(Cloud Security Alliance) 

 b. real invasion examples of Cloud Service.

4. How will I counter those arguments?

 Almost using Cloud Service countries start preparing solution to prevent information leakage. Each countries has own prevention rules that suite their individual conditions.

My Refutation and Concession

 The explosion of online networking (OSN) in recent years has caused damages to organisations due to leakage of information by their employees. Employees’ social networking behaviour, whether accidental or intentional, provides 
an opportunity for advanced persistent threats (APT) attackers to realise their social engineering techniques and undetectable zero-day exploits. Information leakage cases like this, unfortunately, sometimes give wound to users. Cloud system, which all of information in users computer could be moved in big data infrastructure also has big risk of information leakage. People who avoid SNS argue dangerousness  of data spill. The data spill is of course nuisance to programmers.  Cloud Service providers must ensure that thorough background checks are conducted for employees who have physical access to the servers in the data center. Additionally, data centers must be frequently monitored for suspicious activity. Therefore, Cloud computing security has been developed, and also recently many countries where share the cloud server have worked out way to avoid personal information leakage. U.S.A government, for example, tries to accelerate introduction of Cloud service technology on public institutions develops FedRAMP, security certification system. It selected 22 agents and confirmed ten network cloud services. In Korea, enacted a law dealing with prevention, develop security technology. 

Comfirmation

1. What is my thesis?
Big Data system constantly gets more power in network marketing. SNS marketing based on Big Data is needed in city promotion and branding. 

2. What types of source am I using to defend my thesis? 
I'm going to defend my thesis focusing real-examples and statics.

3. Are my arguments mostly based on evidence, logic or emotion?
 SNS marketing and Big Data is newly prevailing system, but there are not less evidence to confirm how effective their efficacy. In IBM, Smarter Cities Challenges are still in working process, but it is sanguine about the possibility of a success of the Challenge. 

My Confirmation

 Almost statics and analysis say using smartphone and sns rate is increasing. In addition, According to 'Why People Use Social Networking Sites' - Petter Bae Brandzaeg and Jan Heim, the most important reason that people use sns is to get in contact with new people. The second most important valued was to keep in touch with their friends, whereas the third was general socializing. It says major people who use sns are ready to accept new information and express their opinion. 

Following these  statics, 

enormous number of people express how they live in sns. Especially Facebook and Twitter show overwhelming statics. This is the key point of sns marketing. On sns like Twitter and Facebook, interesting news are usually discussed by everyone, and the phenomenon is the most powerful marketing strategy. There are almost private enterprises which occupy most position in sns market so far. I argue that now the public matters should stand on the sns market.



In terms of city branding, simple, real-time and double-way interaction system of sns would become up-and-coming P.R system.

Goyang-si(city) have taken their own unique twitter account and utilized funny and interactive tweets. 
The account deal with Goyang citizen's matter for inquiries, civil affair matters, and also recommendation. Informal and light communication with the citizens makes people feel comfortable to tell their opinion to the mayor. The big data from people who live in Goyang-si and send a tweet to the account make basement of being better city.

IBM also apply big data system to Smarter Cities Challenge. IBM assist about 100 cities to achieve own goals by offering their big data infrastructure. SNS and webpages use IBM based service give data about what people need to the city. In other words, IBM and cities collaborated, having a common cause.

Narration / Research of Big Data

• Narration

My persuasive argument thesis is: Not only humans, but cities need SNS to promote themselves.

1. What do people already know about my topic?

 Most people know that 21 century is the generation of networking. The rate of using smartphone get more and more increase, as well as SNS like Twitter or Facebook. If you ask someone famous cities name, a lot of names are answered. Everyone knows this situation could be occurred as the internet and networking service have been developed. Some people have had difficulties to learn about city because of lack of communication system of cities. So then I argue that if cities use sns more actively, it can work for people by promoting themselves.

2. What research has already been done about my topic?

http://www.sstimes.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=2620 - Successful sns promoting example of Goyang-si, one of Korean Cities. Goyang-si frequently update funny tweets on its tweeter page using homophone 'Goyang' and '고양이(a cat)'. 

http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/9-facebook-marketing-success-stories-you-should-model/ - 9 Successful cases using sns marketing. Using sns city branding is also one of sns marketing.

http://smartercitieschallenge.org/index.html - IBM Smarter Cities Challenge official websites. This website is also good example of sns city marketing. 

3. What are the implications of my argument (What if I'm right? What if I'm right and people ignore me?)

 If more cities actively use sns pages and people also actively utilize the pages, it can lead synergy effect. First, the public would be given interesting and real-time information about the city. It would have enhancement effect of increasing visitors and concern about the city. Second, in terms of city branding, well-communicated city could be well-developed and well-known by accepting opinions of the public. These days, people prefer joyful but simple and light way to communicate. This is the key of successful of SNS. If cities use well the key, they could achieve large growing social and economical. Lastly, Social networking is based on Big Data System. As sample of IBM's Smarter Cities Challenge, Big data system can spread various direction. I will this aspect detail in main passage. 

• My Narration

 'In 2010, IBM Citizenship created the Smarter Cities Challenge to help 100 cities over a three-year period to address some of the critical challenges facing cities. We do this by contributing the time and expertise of our top experts from different business units and geographies, putting them on the ground for three weeks to work closely with city leaders and deliver recommendations on how to make the city smarter and more effective.'

Smarter Cities Challenge(SCC), IBM's project to make cities better place start in 2010. This project based on Big Data System. Big Data System is usually used in SNS or webpages, huge amount of information is accepted in real-time. 

Recently, using sns marketing, Social Networking Marketing, becomes popular. Cities engaged in Smart Cities Challenges have own special object. IBM assist the cities own project by utilizing Big Data System and offering a Big Data Platform. The ultimatum goal is : make the cities smarter. They grasp what people need in terms of environment, transportation system, city design, amenities and so on based on Big Data from independent network. 

City of Syracuse analyse data so that they figure out where is abandoned and why. Their goals are find ways to vitalize rural area and decrease the number of left house. According analysed Big Data, City of Syracuse knew that smaller housing site tends to be ruin and neglected. Also, lack of vocational training of citizens is also have relevance to causing desolation. 

These two cases imply that sns has big influence. In aspects of a personal view, it is curious how effective this solution, but city is not small unit and also it become bigger and bigger.  Most networking system in U.S.A use Cloud service. Enormous information which has people's need and opinion gather in Cloud. It is more powerful than any poor opinion poll. If analyzing system and Cloud system work well together, it could lead synergy effect.  

Introduction

• The Introduction

  New York City, Amsterdam, Belfast, Copenhagen, Curitiba and Seoul..... we know a lot of cities even where we're not living. How we know the cities? Have you visited all? Usually, most of people have not. Then why are they well-known? Well-known cities are must be said well-promoted cities. Nowadays most cities make an effort to publicize how beautiful or comfortable or historied or amazing cities they are. As the transportation and internet are developed, people all around the world take interest in world-wide news. people want to travel more unfamiliar place and the wish usually target cities, which can achieve the effect of killing two birds with one stone, have impressive historic remains or magnificent environment, or passionate festival with pleasant amenities. In this informal, but general cases people want responsible information in easy, comfortable, and interesting way and city branding (promotion) play a great role. Not only humans, but also cities have to think how to P.R themselves. In this generation when the SNS and smartphone using rate is getting higher, SNS promotion must be good way to express themselves for cities.

1. Attention grabber -
Almost people might have experience that they want to gather information about their favorite cities and they have a lot of facts about their favorite cities even though they have not visited there. I attracted the audience by describing this situation and trend developed by extended using smartphone and SNS. 

2. Explains the necessity of the topic -
In the passage, I focus on travel of cities because it must be the most generous and familiar to audience. This is the cycle : Cites are getting popular, more people have desire to know and visit the cities, cities promote themselves actively, then cities be well-known.

3. My thesis -
 I emphasize a simple topic : The cities should use SNS pages to promote themselves. (This topic has immanent thesis : The cities should make an effort to promote themselves.) I break prejudice that only people use sns and also it is good way to P.R for cities.

Giving shape to my topic

'Cities utilize SNS pages to promote themselves'  is actually what I want to say. I choose the topic because I hope this semester's essay performance tests would be a great opportunity to think how cities around the world that I love could be promoted and activated in novel way. However I think the these is a little bit puerile. 

 Anyway, before I started write introduction, I think I should nail down some terms and specify what i'm going to say.

• Terms.

1. Cities : The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines a city as “an inhabited place; a place larger than a village or town: a large, prominent or important center of population: a relatively permanent and highly organized center having a population with varied skills, lacking self-sufficiency in the production of food, and usually depending on manufacture and commerce to satisfy the wants of its inhabitants.”

2. SNS : Social networks are web-based services that allow individuals to create a public profile, to create a list of users with whom to share connections, and view and cross the connections within the system. (Wikipedia) It  provides means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging.


SNS of City that I want to say in my essay means an official networking page which can communicate with public, no matter irrespective of what kind of format. This should be batter managed by government or state(province), but a private management is also okay.



I have no more idea about what I specify more. I'll add more specific information during writing!